Alevel经济高分复习笔记分享→英国与欧元（3）

　　Alevel经济学一直都是留学热门专业，它所学习的内容涵盖了一系列基本的经济思想，并且引导同学们立足国际，培养经济大视野，如果大家对未来从事金融业或商业很感兴趣，alevel经济学是一门很适合学习的科目！本篇中小编为大家总结了Alevel经济学高分笔记中有关英国和欧元的部分，前篇已经分享，可在本站搜索关键词查看，后篇会持续更新，可供参考。

　　The case against 反对的案件

　　Loss of domestic monetary policy 国内货币政策的丧失

　　The whole point of the convergence criteria as a condition of entry was that all the economies that qualified would have 'converged' and would then grow and shrink together on the same economic cycle. Interest rate decisions would be 'OK' for all countries. But just because a set of statistics match on a particular day does not mean that economies are moving in the same direction. One could be rising and the other falling, but they happen to meet in the middle - ships passing in the night!

　　This is the biggest disadvantage of joining the euro. The more credible the MPC become in terms of running UK monetary policy, the more risky it looks to let the ECB take over.

　　作为加入条件的收敛标准的全部意义在于，所有符合条件的经济体都会 "收敛"，然后在同一经济周期中共同增长和收缩。利率决定对所有国家来说都是'OK'的。但是，仅仅因为一组统计数据在某一天相吻合，并不意味着各经济体的发展方向是一致的。一个可能在上升，另一个可能在下降，但它们恰好在中间相遇--黑夜中的船只经过！这就是加入经济联盟的最大缺点。

　　这就是加入欧元区的最大缺点。货币政策委员会在管理英国货币政策方面越是可信，让欧洲央行接管的风险就越大。

　　Lack of fiscal transfers 缺少财政转移支付

　　The USA is, in a sense, a single currency area. The economy of California is totally different from that of the state of Mississippi, and yet they survive with a single currency. One of the reasons is that they have a federal (national) government that can set federal taxes to raise revenue and help states (or economies) that are suffering.

　　Although the EU does have a budget, it is made up of contributions from the member states. There are no EU taxes. The budget is a tiny percentage of EU GDP. If an economy in Euro-land is suffering, it can no longer devalue its currency against other Euro-land economies, and it will receive no help in terms of money from the centre. It will just have to work its own problems out, probably through a period of unemployment.

　　To make matters worse, the stability pact that the member countries have signed up to means that their annual budget deficits cannot exceed 3% of GDP (the same as the Maastricht criterion for government debt). Countries in trouble will not even be able to borrow money to help themselves in times of trouble.

　　从某种意义上说，美国是一个单一货币区。加利福尼亚州的经济与密西西比州的经济完全不同，但他们却以单一货币生存。其中一个原因是，他们有一个联邦（国家）政府，可以制定联邦税来增加收入，并帮助那些遭受损失的州（或经济体）。

　　虽然欧盟确实有预算，但它是由成员国的捐款组成的。欧盟没有税收。预算在欧盟GDP中只占很小的比例。如果欧元区的一个经济体受到影响，它就不能再让自己的货币对其他欧元区经济体贬值，也不会从中央得到任何资金上的帮助。它只能自己解决自己的问题，可能要经历一段失业期。

　　更糟糕的是，成员国签署的稳定公约意味着其年度预算赤字不能超过国内生产总值的3%（与马斯特里赫特政府债务标准相同）。陷入困境的国家甚至将无法借钱来帮助自己渡过难关。

　　以上是小编为大家收集的Alevel经济学高分笔记（3），希望对大家有所帮助，祝各位同学学业有成金榜题名！后篇将会持续更新，如有更多Alevel辅导的需要，欢迎联系在线客服老师，会获得更专业的指导~