Alevel经济学essay 素材——税收模块分享

　　得论文高分者得天下，这是一众同学不置可否的“信条”，但这么宝贵的分数也不是说得就得的，它不仅需要同学们平时的认真学习，还需要写作时丰富的写作技巧。时常有同学向我们老师反应自己的论文很空洞死板。针对这个问题，小编为大家收集了Alevel经济学论文的写作素材，可供大家充实文章。

　　Why do governments impose taxes? 政府为什么要征税？

　　Raising money for government spending.The most obvious reason is to raise money for all the expenditure that is required. Hospitals, schools, the defence system, the welfare state; these things do not come cheaply. You will soon see that not all taxes are imposed centrally (by the Westminster Parliament). Local taxes also have to be levied to help pay for libraries, cleaning the roads, local parks and the local council administration to name just a few items.

　　为政府开支筹集资金：最明显的原因是为所有需要的开支筹集资金。医院、学校、国防系统、福利国家；这些东西都是不便宜的。你很快就会发现，并非所有的税收都是集中征收的（由威斯敏斯特议会征收）。地方税也必须被征收，以帮助支付图书馆、清洁道路、地方公园和地方议会管理等项目。

　　Redistributing income.This is a bit of an old fashioned objective of taxation nowadays. If the system used isprogressive(see later in this Learn-It), then the tax system will be helping the relatively less well off at the expense of the better off. Socialist governments of the past were very keen on this. Certainly the Conservative governments of the 80s and 90s were less bothered. Although there is a lot of press about the increase in the tax burden under the new Labour government, they have actually been redistributing income to the poorer households in the UK, through such measures as theNational Minimum Wage, theNew Dealand theWorking Families Tax Credit.

　　为政府开支筹集资金：最明显的原因是为所有需要的开支筹集资金。医院、学校、国防系统、福利国家；这些东西都是不便宜的。你很快就会发现，并非所有的税收都是集中征收的（由威斯敏斯特议会征收）。地方税也必须被征收，以帮助支付图书馆、清洁道路、地方公园和地方议会管理等项目。

　　Demand management. In the topic called 'Aggregate demand and aggregate supply', the Keynesian economists policy of demand management was outlined. Basically, Keynesians believe that in times of recession or depression, the markets will not 'clear', or sort themselves out at the right price, so it is the government's responsibility to create the necessary demand to resurrect the economy. This can be done by increasing government spending and/or reducing taxes.

　　重新分配收入：这是如今税收的一个老式的目标。如果所使用的系统是累进制（见后面的学习资料），那么税收系统将帮助相对较差的人而牺牲较好的人。过去的社会主义政府非常热衷于此。当然，80年代和90年代的保守党政府则不太在意。虽然在新工党政府下有很多关于税收负担增加的新闻，但他们实际上一直在通过全国最低工资、新政和工作家庭税收优惠等措施，将收入重新分配给英国的贫困家庭。

需求管理：在名为 "总需求和总供给 "的专题中，概述了凯恩斯主义经济学家的需求管理政策。基本上，凯恩斯主义者认为，在经济衰退或萧条时期，市场不会 "清算"，或以合适的价格自行解决，因此，政府有责任创造必要的需求来复活经济。这可以通过增加政府开支和/或减少税收来实现。

　　Correcting market failure. In the topic called 'Market failure', there is much discussion about the problems ofexternalities, like pollution from congestion. The markets, left to themselves, will not produce the socially optimal level of output. Governments can use taxes to force the firms to produce the socially optimal level of output. We all know about the tax on petrol. Some items that are thought of as 'good' may be exempt from taxes that most other goods attract. A few goods are 'zero-rated', meaning they attract noValue Added Tax (VAT). Books are a good example.

纠正市场失灵：在名为 "市场失灵 "的话题中，有很多关于外部性问题的讨论，比如拥堵造成的污染。市场，如果任其自生自灭，将不会产生社会最优的产出水平。政府可以使用税收来迫使企业生产社会最优水平的产出。我们都知道汽油税的问题。一些被认为是 "好 "的物品可能会被免除大多数其他商品的税收。少数商品是 "零税率"，意味着它们不需要缴纳增值税。书籍就是一个很好的例子。

　　以上是小编为大家总结的Alevel经济学essay素材。希望对大家有所帮助，祝各位同学学业有成金榜题名！如有更多Alevel课程辅导的需要，欢迎联系在线客服老师，会获得更专业的指导~