Alevel商务管理学论文素材 中英对照拿走不谢！

　　Alevel商务是一门实践和理论并重的学科，同学们在日常的课程作业中常常被要求就企业中的某一现象进行分析，在这时，充分的理论学习是使论文大放光彩的关键。除了最后考试的好成绩能为本科申请时增色，平日里积累的学术素材也能提升论文质量和面试时的储备。为了能帮助大家，小编为大家收集了中英对照的Alevel商务论文素材，可供参考。

　　Different styles of management 不同的管理风格

　　Management is the process of achieving the objectives of the business by using its available resources effectively.

　　管理是通过有效利用现有资源实现企业目标的过程。

　　In a small business, the owner is likely to be the manager as well, responsible for all the managerial tasks. However, as a business grows, then some of these tasks can be delegated to others. The main functions of management are:

　　在一个小企业中，老板可能也是经理，负责所有的管理任务。然而，随着企业的发展，这些任务中的一些可以委托给其他人。管理的主要职能是：

　　Planning: setting clear objectives.

　　Organising: dividing the work into smaller tasks and delegating to others.

　　Staffing: having the 'right' person in the 'right' job (known as Human Resource Management).

　　Directing: decision-making and giving instructions to others.

　　Budgeting: preparing a detailed financial plan for the next trading year.

　　Co-ordinating: Bringing the various parts of the business together.

　　规划：设定明确的目标。

　　组织：将工作划分为较小的任务并委派给他人。

　　人员配置：让 "合适 "的人从事 "合适 "的工作（称为人力资源管理）。

　　指挥：决策和向他人发出指示。

　　预算：为下一个交易年度准备详细的财务计划。

　　协调：将企业的各个部分结合起来。

　　One of the most important skills of management in a large business is knowing how, when and what tasks to delegate to others. Delegation occurs when managers pass a degree of authority down the hierarchy to their subordinates.

　　在大型企业中，管理的最重要技能之一是知道如何、何时以及将什么任务委托给他人。当管理者将一定程度的权力向下传递给其下属时，就会发生授权。

　　The managers must ensure that the subordinates are sufficiently competent to cope with the task, and that they have the necessary skills and time available to complete the delegated task.

　　管理者必须确保下属有足够的能力来完成任务，而且他们有必要的技能和时间来完成委托的任务。

　　In general, management can be categorized as senior management (setting long-term plans and strategies, appraising middle management), middle management (establishing departmental strategies, appraising departmental staff), and supervisory management (monitoring the regular and routine day-to-day tasks).

　　一般来说，管理可以分为高级管理（制定长期计划和战略，考核中层管理人员），中层管理（建立部门战略，考核部门员工），以及监督管理（监督常规和日常工作）。

　　The relationship that exists between the management and their subordinates in a business can be represented diagrammatically in the form of an organizational chart:

　　企业管理层与下属之间的关系可以用组织结构图的形式来表示：

　　An organizational chart shows 一个组织结构图显示:

　　a) The different departments within the business. In this example, there are 4 different departments (Production, Marketing, Finance and Personnel).

　　a) 企业内部的不同部门。在这个例子中，有4个不同的部门（生产、营销、财务和人事）。

　　b) The chain of command. In this example, a chain of command exists between person A (senior manager), person B (middle manager), person C (supervisor) and person D (shop-floor worker).

　　b) 指挥系统。在这个例子中，指挥系统存在于A（高级经理）、B（中级经理）、C（主管）和D（车间工人）之间。

　　c) The span of control of each manager. This refers to the number of people directly accountable to a single superior. In this example, the span of control is 4 people.

　　c) 每个经理的控制范围。这指的是直接对一个上级负责的人数。在这个例子中，控制的范围是4个人。

　　d) The channels of communication used.

　　d) 使用的沟通渠道。

　　This diagram indicates that this business has four layers in its hierarchy and that there are many 'line' and 'staff' relationships which exist.

　　这张图表明，这个企业的层次结构有四层，存在许多 "直线 "和 "员工 "关系。

　　A 'line' relationship exists where there is direct authority (in the diagram, an example of a 'line' relationship is between person B and person C).

　　在有直接权力的情况下，存在 "线 "的关系（在图中，"线 "关系的一个例子是人B和人C之间）。

　　A 'staff' relationship exists where there is no direct authority. Instead, it is a relationship in an advisory capacity (e.g. an expert who provides advice on, say, computers or staff training). In the diagram, an example of a 'staff' relationship is between person B and person D.

　　职员 "关系存在于没有直接权力的地方。相反，它是一种以咨询为目的的关系（例如，在计算机或员工培训等方面提供建议的专家）。在图中，"员工 "关系的一个例子是在人B和人D之间。

　　A recent trend in many large businesses has been delayering the organizational chart. This means stripping out one layers of management from the hierarchy. This is done to reduce costs and to improve the speed of communication flows within the business, as well as to provide each employee with more responsibilities.

　　在许多大型企业中，最近的一个趋势是推迟组织结构图。这意味着从层次结构中剥离出一层层的管理。这样做是为了降低成本，提高企业内部沟通的速度，同时也为每个员工提供更多的责任。

　　以上是小编为大家整理的Alevel商务管理学论文素材，希望对大家有所帮助，祝各位同学学业有成金榜题名！如有更多Alevel辅导的需要，欢迎联系在线客服老师，会获得更专业的指导~