Alevel经济知识点讲解 失业与总供需联系的联系（上）

　　Alevel经济学是一门炙手可热的科目，同学们不仅可以在这门课程中学习到经济运行规律知识，更可以培养一种完备的经济学思维，学会如何对有限的资源进行最优分配并实现效益最大化。以下是小编为大家收集汇总的Alevel经济学知识中有关失业和总供需之间的联系，中英对照方便大家理解和记忆，下篇将为大家继续介绍，一起来看看吧！

　　Unemployment and the Phillips Curve Links with Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis

　　失业和菲利普斯曲线与总需求和总供给联系的分析

　　On the top diagram, we have the long run AS/AD diagram. We assume that the economy is at the full employment equilibrium, YFE, giving a price level of P1 (point A). Both Keynesians and Monetarists agree that at the full employment level of income, any increase in aggregate demand will lead only to a rise in the price level in the long run. The economy will move to point B temporarily, but the subsequent rise in real wage claims that follow a rise in the price level will shift the short run aggregate supply curve to the left (from SRAS1 to SRAS2) and the economy will end up at point C, back at YFE but with a much higher price level (P2).

　　在上图中，我们有长期的AS/AD图。我们假设经济处于充分就业的平衡状态，即YFE，价格水平为P1（A点）。凯恩斯主义者和货币主义者都同意，在充分就业的收入水平上，任何总需求的增加在长期内都只会导致价格水平的上升。经济将暂时移动到B点，但随后随着价格水平的上升，实际工资要求的上升将使短期总供给曲线向左移动（从SRAS1到SRAS2），经济将在C点结束，回到YFE，但价格水平（P2）更高。

　　Now look at the second diagram. Assume that the economy is operating at point A, with a level of unemployment equal to the NAIRU, U*, and 0% inflation. If aggregate demand is increased, unemployment is assumed to fall only in the short run (a move to point B). Depending on how quickly workers recover from money illusion, the economy will end up at point C with a permanently higher rate of inflation.

　　现在看第二张图。假设经济运行在A点，失业水平等于NAIRU，U*，通货膨胀率为0。如果总需求增加，假设失业率只在短期内下降（移动到B点）。取决于工人从货币幻觉中恢复的速度，经济最终会在C点出现一个永久的较高的通货膨胀率。

　　These two diagrams are describing the same economy. The rising price level in the diagram on the left is illustrated by the increased inflation rate in the diagram on the right. The temporary rise in the level of real output in the diagram on the left is illustrated by the temporary fall in unemployment in the diagram on the right. The long run equilibrium level of national income (YFE) in the diagram on the left is illustrated by the natural rate of unemployment in the diagram on the right. Even at full employment there will be some unemployment in the economy.

　　这两张图描述的是同一个经济体。左图中价格水平的上升由右图中通货膨胀率的上升来说明。左图中实际产出水平的暂时上升由右图中失业率的暂时下降来说明。左图中国民收入的长期均衡水平（YFE）由右图中的自然失业率来说明。即使在充分就业的情况下，经济中也会有一些失业。

　　Do Keynesians and Monetarists agree?

　　凯恩斯主义者和货币主义者是否同意？

　　As the analysis above demonstrates, the Keynesians and Monetarists are in broad agreement with regard to the link between the full employment level of national income and the natural rate of unemployment in the long run. They also agree that the original shaped Phillips curve applies in the short run only. The only real arguments are over how quickly the workers expectations adapt to the change in the actual inflation rate (i.e. the length of the short run).

　　正如上面的分析所表明的，凯恩斯主义者和货币主义者在国民收入的充分就业水平和长期的自然失业率之间的联系方面有广泛的共识。他们还同意，原始形状的菲利普斯曲线只适用于短期。唯一真正的争论是工人的预期如何快速适应实际通货膨胀率的变化（即短期运行的长度）。

　　Keynesians believe the short run might actually be quite a long period of time. They are big believers in the stickiness of wages and prices. Even though the workers' expectations may have already changed, wage contracts tend not to be changed overnight.

　　凯恩斯主义者认为，短期内可能实际上是一个相当长的时期。他们非常相信工资和价格的粘性。即使工人的预期可能已经改变，但工资合同往往不会在一夜之间改变。

　　Monetarists believe that changes in expectations, and the resulting changes in wages and prices, happen much quicker. There is a division, though, between different monetarist economists.

　　货币主义者认为，预期的变化，以及由此产生的工资和价格的变化，发生得更快。不过，不同的货币主义经济学家之间存在着分歧。

　　Those who believe in rational expectations believe that everyone, including the workers, has perfect information. The workers actions are, therefore, 'rational'. Their expectations adapt to the change in prices following the increase in money wages almost immediately. In the diagram above, the economy moves straight from point A to point C. The short run does not exist and workers do not suffer from money illusion.

　　那些相信理性预期的人认为，每个人，包括工人，都有完美的信息。因此，工人的行动是 "理性的"。他们的预期几乎立即适应了货币工资增加后的价格变化。在上图中，经济从A点直接移动到C点，短期不存在，工人也不会受到货币幻觉的影响。

　　Other monetarists believe in adaptive expectations. As the name suggests, they believe that workers' expectations do adapt, but not immediately. The short run does exist, but does not last as long as the Keynesians believe.

　　其他货币主义者相信适应性预期。顾名思义，他们认为工人的预期确实适应，但不是立即适应。短期运行确实存在，但不会像凯恩斯主义者认为的那样持续很久。

　　以上是小编为大家总结的alevel经济学知识点的梳理，希望对大家有所帮助，祝各位同学学业有成金榜题名！如有更多Alevel辅导的需要，欢迎联系在线客服老师，会获得更专业的指导~